Grade 416 is a martensitic machining bar with machinability enhanced through the addition of phosphorus and sulphur.
It has the highest machinability of any stainless steel, at about 85% of that of a free-machining carbon steel. As for most other free-machining stainless steels the improvement in machinability is achieved by addition of sulphur which forms manganese sulphide inclusions; this sulphur addition also lowers the corrosion resistance, weldability and formability to below that of its non-free machining equivalent grade 410.
Grade 416 is sometimes used in the unhardened or hardened and highly tempered condition because of its low cost and ready machinability.
Martensitic stainless steels are optimised for high hardness, and other properties are to some degree compromised. Fabrication must be by methods that allow for poor weldability and usually also allow for a final harden and temper heat treatment. Corrosion resistance is lower than the common austenitic grades, and their useful operating temperature range is limited by their loss of ductility at sub-zero temperatures and loss of strength by over-tempering at elevated temperatures.
| Product Form | Condition | Imperial Sizes | Metric Sizes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Round Bar | QT650 | 1⁄8" - 6" | 4mm - 30mm |
| Round Bar | Condition P | 1⁄8" - 6" | 4mm - 30mm |
| Chemical Element | % Present |
|---|---|
Carbon (C) | 0.06 - 0.15 |
Chromium (Cr) | 12.00 - 14.00 |
Manganese (Mn) | 0.00 - 1.50 |
Silicon (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
Phosphorous (P) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
Sulphur (S) | 0.15 - 0.35 |
Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.00 - 0.60 |
Iron (Fe) | Balance |
| Mechanical Property | Value |
|---|---|
Proof Stress | 450 Min MPa |
Tensile Strength | 650 - 850 MPa |
| Physical Property | Value |
|---|---|
Density | 7.75 g/cm³ |
Thermal Expansion | 9.9 x 10-6/K |
Modulus of Elasticity | 200 GPa |
Thermal Conductivity | 24.9 W/m.K |
Electrical Resistivity | 0.57 x 10-6 Ω .m |
Grade 416 has poor weldability. If welding is necessary use Grade 410 low hydrogen electrodes. Pre-heat to 200-300°C. Follow immediately with annealing or re-hardening, or a stress relief at 650-675°C.
A better option if the weld is not required to be hard is to use a Grade 309 austenitic stainless steel filler rod
Fabrication must be by methods that allow for poor weldability and usually also allow for a final harden and temper heat treatment.
All hot work procedures should commence following uniform heating to 2100-2250°F (1149-1232°C). Hot work below 1700°F (927°C) may result in cracking.
Grade 416 offers exceptionally good machinability, the highest of any of the commonly available stainless steels. Best machinability is in the sub-critical annealed condition.
Full Annealing - Heat to 815-900°C for ½ hour per 25mm of thickness. Cool at 30°C per hour maximum to 600°C and air cool.
Sub-Critical Annealing - Heat to 650-760°C and air cool.
Hardening - Hardened by heating to 925-1010°C, quenching in oil, and tempering to suit the mechanical requirements. See accompanying table.
Condition: Tensile Strength Range (N/mm² or MPa) QT 650: 650 - 850
QT 700: 700 - 850
QT 800: 800 - 950
QT 850: 850 - 1000
QT 900: 900 - 1050
Corrosion resistance is lower than the common austenitic grades.
Useful resistance to dry atmospheres, fresh water and mild alkalies and acids, but less resistant than the equivalent non-free-machining grades. Less corrosion resistant than the austenitic grades and also less than 17% chromium ferritic alloys such as Grade 430. High sulphur content free machining grades such as 416 are totally unsuitable for marine or other chloride exposure.
Maximum corrosion resistance is achieved in the hardened condition, with a smooth surface finish.
Not recommended-Suitable only for minor deformation. Severe deformation will result in cracking.
Fair resistance to scaling in intermittent service up to 760°C and up to 675°C in continuous service. Not recommended for use in temperatures above the relevant tempering temperature, if maintenance of mechanical properties is important.
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